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الاثنين، 23 فبراير 2015

تاريخ دخول السجائر و الدخان لمصر .

  • 1 تاريخ دخول السجائر و الدخان لمصر . عرف العالم التدخين لاول مرة منذ 500 عام تقريبا بعد اكتشاف الرحالة كريستوفر كولومبس لامريكا فقد كــان الهنـود الحمر يتعاطونه فــي المناسبات الهامة ، و يروى عن أحد زعماء الهنود الحمر قوله (( لقـد أبادنا الرجل الأبيض بسلاحه و انتقمنا منه بسلاحنا)) يقصد بنقل عـادة التدخين الفتاكة إلى الرجل الأبيض الاوروبي .
    و اما عن اصل التسمية فيقال ان سفير فرنسا في البرتغال ( جان نيكوت) ، أرسل هذا النبات إلـى ملكة فرنسا لعلاجها من صداع كانت تشكو منه ، وأصبحت المادة السامة في هذا النبات تسمى (نيكوتين ) نسبة إليه .
    و دخل نبات التبغ الي مصر لاول مرة سنة 1601 و كانت اوراق النبات تستعمل عن طريقه المضغ فلم تكن السجائر اخترعت من قبل .
    و قد ذكر الجبرتي عن التدخين فقال ( أن الوالي العثماني أصدر أوامر بمنـع شـرب الـدخان فـي الشوارع و على الدكاكين و أبواب البيوت و شدد في النكـال بمـن يفعل ذلك و وصل الامر لحد الاعدام فلقد اعتبرها الناس عادة بذيئة قبيحة )
    و في سنة 1799 و اثناء الحملة الفرنسية علي مصر بدء سكان الفيوم زراعة التبغ بدلا من استيراده بعد انتشاره بشكل واسع بين المصريين ......
    و جاءت سنة 1810 ليحتكر محمد علي باشا زراعة التبغ في مصر
    و في سنة 1840 كان الفرنسيون أول من اخترع السجائر و ذلك حين قاموا بلف التبغ داخل ورق رقيق ثم انتشرت عادة شرب السجائر في أوربا و انتقلت منها الي القاهرة .....
    - في سنة 1880 أدى تحسن نوعية ورق السجائر و الميكنة إلى انخفاض سعرها و انتشار ماركات كثيرة منها في الاسواق

    الصور لبعض الماركات من علب السجائر في مصر الخديوية منذ 130 عام تقريبا .
  • Smoking In Egypt 
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    Smoking in Egyptian History

    It is not entirely clear when the use of tobacco first began in Egypt. Tobacco use in the Middle East can be dated back to the sixteenth century, however there is some evidence and some scholars support the argument that tobacco products were used in Egypt as far back as the time of the Pharaohs.

    Islam and Smoking

    Although Islam has no specific ban on smoking tobacco, several Islamic principles are cited in support of the religion-based banning of tobacco. Depending on the location and community, Islamic authorities have either deemed smoking as Makruh (to be avoided) or Haram (forbidden).
    On September 5, 1999, Nasr Farid Wasel, the then Grand Mufti of Egypt, issued a Fatwa (a religious ruling) against tobacco smoking
  • 2. ByBy Dr . Ashraf El-AdawyDr . Ashraf El-Adawy Consultant Chest PhyscianConsultant Chest Physcian TB TEAM Expert - WHOTB TEAM Expert - WHO
  • 3. Tobacco is one of the greatestTobacco is one of the greatest emerging health disasters inemerging health disasters in human historyhuman history Harlem Brundtland, former Director- General , World Health Organization (1998) Dr Gro
  • 4. Nothing Kills Like TobaccoNothing Kills Like Tobacco
  • 5. Tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death in the world today, killing around six million people a year- an average of one person every six seconds World Health Organization
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    Tobacco Industry in Egypt

    Tobacco cultivation is not legal in Egypt, therefore companies who produce tobacco products must rely on imported raw tobacco largely imported from India and China, as well as from Brazil, Italy, Syrian Arab Republic, and the United States of America. Egypt's tobacco industry is dominated by the Eastern Tobacco Company (ETC), the largest cigarette manufacturer in the Middle East. A small but ever increasing amount of Egyptian cigarettes are exported to neighboring countries, mostly to serve Egyptians working abroad.
  • 6. In the 20th century, smoking caused an estimated 100 million deaths worldwide. In the 21st century, if current usage patterns persist, smoking will cause approximately 1 billion deaths Peto R, Lopez AD. Future worldwide health effects of current smoking patterns. In: Koop CD, Pearson C, Schwarz MR, eds. Critical issues in global health. New York, NY: Jossey-Bass; 2001.
  • 7. Tobacco : Deadly in any formTobacco : Deadly in any form
  • 8. Global cigarette consumptionGlobal cigarette consumption Billions of sticks, 1880-2000Billions of sticks, 1880-2000 10 20 50 100 300 600 1,000 1,686 2,150 3,112 4,388 5,419 5,500 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 Billionsofcigarettes 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 Year Source: The Tobacco Atlas, World Health Organization 2002.
  • 9. WHO World Health Report .Tobacco Atlas .2008. Global Cigarette ConsumptionGlobal Cigarette Consumption
  • 10. The number of smokers in the world, estimated at 1.3 billion, about one in three adults,in the world smoke regularly. It is estimated to rise to 1.7 billion by 2025 if the global prevalence of tobacco use remains unchanged Of these current smokers , about 80 percent live in low- or middle income countries. WHO World Health Report, 2003 GLOBAL TRENDS INGLOBAL TRENDS IN TOBACCO USETOBACCO USE
  • 11. AdolescentsAdolescents Tobacco fact sheet. August 2000 http://tobaccofreekids.org/campaign/global/docs/facts.pdf Every day, up to 100,000 young people globally become addicted to tobacco 50% of young people who continue to smoke will die from smoking World Health Organization. The Tobacco Atlas. http://www.who.int/tobacco/statistics/tobacco_atlas/en 
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  • 12. GlobalGlobal TobaccoTobacco ConsumptionConsumption
  • 13. 82.8 809.7 114.8 24.2 114.7 75.9 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 Smokers (millions) Women Men Most smokers in 2000 lived in economicallyMost smokers in 2000 lived in economically developing countriesdeveloping countries Guindon GE, Boisclar D. Past, Current and Future Trends in Tobacco use. HNP discussion paper: Economics of Tobacco Control Paper No. 6; March 2003 Developed countries Japan, Canada, US, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe (24 countries) Transitional countries Former Soviet bloc / Eastern Europe (23 countries) Developing countries (84 countries)
  • 14. Past and Future Annual Deaths due toPast and Future Annual Deaths due to Tobacco UseTobacco Use 0.3 0 0.3 1.3 0.2 1.5 2.12.1 4.2 3 7 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1950 1975 2000 2025-2030 Developed Developing World
  • 15. By 2030, 7 of every 10 tobacco attributable deaths projected to be in developing countries Tobacco deaths 2000 Developed 2million Developing 2million The global burden of deaths from tobaccoThe global burden of deaths from tobacco is shifting from developed tois shifting from developed to developing countriesdeveloping countries Tobacco deaths 2030 3million 7million World Health Organization. 1999. Making a Difference. World Health Report. 1999. Geneva, Switzerland
  • 16. Where is the burden increasing the fastest, 1990 to 2020? India +1400%Middle Eastern Crescent +700% India +1400%Middle Eastern Crescent +700% Latin American and Caribbean +300% India +1400% India +1400%Middle Eastern Crescent +700% Latin American and Caribbean +300% Other Asia and Islands +250% India +1400%Middle Eastern Crescent +700% Latin American and Caribbean +300% Sub- Saharan Africa +200% Other Asia and Islands +250% India +1400%Middle Eastern Crescent +700% Latin American and Caribbean +300% Sub- Saharan Africa +200% Other Asia and Islands +250% China +175% India +1400%Middle Eastern Crescent +700% Latin American and Caribbean +300% Sub- Saharan Africa +200% Other Asia and Islands +250% China +175% Formerly Socialist Economies of Europe +120% India +1400%Middle Eastern Crescent +700% Latin American and Caribbean +300% Sub- Saharan Africa +200% Other Asia and Islands +250% China +175% Formerly Socialist Economies of Europe +120% Established Market Economies +18%
  • 17. Deaths attributed to tobacco use in 1990Deaths attributed to tobacco use in 1990 & 2020 by region& 2020 by region Deaths (millions( Change Region 1990 2020 absolute % China 0.8 2.2 +1.4 +175% India 0.1 1.5 +1.4 +1400% Middle Eastern Crescent 0.1 0.8 +0.7 +700% Formerly Socialist Economies of Europe 0.5 1.1 +0.6 +120% Other Asia and Islands 0.2 0.7 +0.5 +250% Latin America and Caribbean 0.1 0.4 +0.3 +300% Sub-Saharan Africa 0.1 0.3 +0.2 +200% Established Market Economies 1.1 1.3 +0.2 +18% World 3.0 8.4 +5.4 +180% Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study
  • 18. Middle East Australia & New Zealand Africa (mainly south Africa) South America Southeast Asia & Japan South Asia China Central & eastern Europe Western Europe North America 45.5% 44.8% 38.9% 38.3% 37.4% 36.2% 35.9% 30.2% 29.3% 26.1% Population attributable risks associated with smoking by geographic region INTERHEART ; Lancet 2004;364:937-52 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
  • 19. Globally, 60% of all deaths are due to NCDsGlobally, 60% of all deaths are due to NCDs 
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  • 20. Noncommunicable Diseases 4 Diseases, 4 Modifiable Shared Risk Factors Tobacco Use Unhealthy diets Physical Inactivity Harmful Use of Alcohol Cardio- vascular Diabetes Cancer Chronic Respiratory
  • 21. 2005 2006-2015 (cumulative) Geographical regions (WHO classification( Total deaths (millions( NCD deaths (millions( NCD deaths (millions( Trend: Death from infectious disease Trend: Death from NCD Africa 10.8 2.5 28 +6% +27% Americas 6.2 4.8 53 -8% +17% Eastern Mediterranean 4.3 2.2 25 -10% +25% Europe 9.8 8.5 88 +7% +4% South-East Asia 14.7 8.0 89 -16% +21% Western Pacific 12.4 9.7 105 +1 +20% Total 58.2 35.7 388 -3% +17% Noncommunicable Diseases (2006-2015) Death trends (2006-2015) WHO projects that over the next 10 years, the largest increase in deaths from cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease and diabetes will occur in developing countries.
  • 22. Noncommunicable diseases in developing countries are a major public health and socio-economic problem The major challenge to development in the 21st century 
  • 23. WHO Report 2005, Preventing chronic diseases: a vital investment The failure to use available knowledge about chronic disease prevention and control endangers future generations
  • 24. www.who.int/chp
  • 25. Reducing NCD risk factors •Bangladesh •Brazil •China •Egypt •India •Indonesia •Mexico •Pakistan Reducing the level of exposure of individuals and populations to tobacco use Technical assistance package to implement the WHO FCTC demand reduction measures –Monitoring (surveillance and evaluation( –Protect (second hand smoke( –Offer help –Warn against dangers –Enforce legislation against tobacco promotion –Raise taxes •Philippines •Russia •Thailand •Turkey •Ukraine •Vietnam •Uruguay
  • 26. GlobalGlobal Tobacco healthTobacco health BurdenBurden Global
  • 27. Decrease in smoking prevalence In 1950, about 80% of UK men smoked United Kingdom, 1950-2002 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 0 20 40 60 80 % at ages 35-59 70% 50% 28% 26% %smoked %smoked In 1970, UK male death rates from smoking were the worst in the world 1970-2000,decrease in male death rates from smoking was the best in the world
  • 28. The Decline in US Smoking PrevalenceThe Decline in US Smoking Prevalence
  • 29. Smoking and Social StigmaSmoking and Social Stigma
  • 30. Egypt is one of the top fifteen countries with smoking problems Egypt has the highest consumption of tobacco in the Middle East and North African Region , accounting for nearly one fourth of total consumption in the region. Egypt has the largest population of tobacco users in the Arab world
  • 31. Tobacco Road Map Top 10 male smoking populations 2008
  • 32. For Egypt, the Arab world's most populous country,The country is ranked one of the top 10 per capita tobacco consumers by the World Lung Foundation The ministry of Health estimates that 20% of adult Egyptians smoke, consuming about 80 billion cigarettes a year 
  •  http://www.albawaba.com/sites/default/files/im/Health/Health1_2013/001Using_Menthol_Cigarettes.jpg
  • 33. Smoking in Egypt is very common, unfortunately Out of every 10 men, four smoke and more and more women are smoking now. It's a big public health problem. For many Egyptians, smoking is a way of life and a pleasure
  • 34. The Economics of Tobacco andTobacco Taxation in Egypt 2010 International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease
  • 35. smoking prevalence and per capita cigarette consumption have been generally rising over time Smoking prevalence has been rising in Egypt, with the number of smokers increasing at about twice the rate of population growth over the past few decades
  • 36. Cigarettes are the most widely consumed tobacco product in Egypt, and cigarette consumption has been rising more or less steadily since the 1970s. Overall cigarette consumption more than doubled between 1990 and 2007, rising from 39.2 billion cigarettes in 1990 to 84.6 billion cigarettes in 2007 Per capita cigarette consumption rose by over 50% during this period, to over 1,050 cigarettes annually Male cigarette smokers consume an average of one pack of cigarettes per day, while females smokers average about half a pack per day
  • 37. Around 10 million Egyptians – approximately one in eight of the total population – use some form of tobacco, said the Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS(. The average monthly expenditure of smokers on cigarettes is 110 EGP (U.S. $19( totalling up to LE11 billion per year Smokers in Egypt increases by 6 to 9 percent every year as compared to 1 percent in the West
  • 38. The study by CAPMAS also found that more than 5 percent of an Egyptian family’s income is spent on cigarettes versus 2 percent of the income which is spent on health.
  • 39. Health cost of tobacco-related disease In 2005, estimates indicated that about 3.4 billion EGP (US$ 616 million( were spent annually in Egypt to treat the diseases caused by tobacco use 
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  • 40. In addition to the sizable health care costs resulting from tobacco use, the premature deaths and disability caused by smoking result in significant lost productivity. In high-income countries, these costs are about the same as or exceed the health care costs caused by smoking. To date, no estimates exist for the lost productivity costs in Egypt that result from tobacco use
  • 41. In Egypt, tobacco-attributable deaths were estimated to be nearly 170,000 in 2004. Reflecting the gender-specific patterns of tobacco use, over 90% of these are among men As in other countries, the majority of these deaths result from lung and other cancers, strokes, ischemic heart and other cardiovascular diseases, and chronic respiratory diseases.
  • 42. A brief history of smoking Tobacco has been growing wild in Central Americas for nearly 8000 years. Around 2,000 years ago tobacco began to be chewed and smoked during cultural or religious ceremonies and events.
  • 43. Christopher Columbus was a great explorer and probably the first European to see the tobacco plant. In 1492 he arrived in ‘San Salvador’ where the natives thought that he and his men were divine beings sent by the Gods. They presented Columbus with gifts including wooden spears, wild fruits and dried leaves. Columbus did not smoke; indeed he threw the leaves
  • 44. ‫التبغ‬ ‫اكتشاف‬ ‫تاريخ‬‫التبغ‬ ‫اكتشاف‬ ‫تاريخ‬ •‫نزل‬ ‫فعندما‬ ,‫الحمر‬ ‫الهنود‬ ‫أي‬ ‫اللصليين‬ ‫أمريكا‬ ‫أهل‬ ‫بين‬ ‫بدأت‬ ‫اللصلية‬ ‫الحكاية‬ ‫جزيرة‬ ‫شاطيء‬ ‫على‬ ‫بسفنه‬ ‫ورسا‬ ‫الشهيرة‬ ‫رحلته‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجديد‬ ‫العالم‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫كولومبس‬ ‫سنة‬ ‫كوبا‬1492‫مثيرة‬ ‫ملمح‬ ‫لهم‬ ‫قوم‬ ‫يسكنها‬ ‫لصغيرة‬ ‫قرية‬ ‫شاهد‬ ‫م‬. ‫منهم‬ ‫وعرف‬ ,‫النخيل‬ ‫وسعف‬ ‫القش‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكواخ‬ ‫في‬ ‫القرية‬ ‫تلك‬ ‫سكان‬ ‫يعيش‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫على‬ ‫الجزيرة‬ ‫داخل‬ ‫في‬ ‫يسكن‬ ‫ملكا‬ ‫لهم‬ ‫أن‬30‫أن‬ ‫كولومبس‬ ‫واعتقد‬ ,‫مترا‬ ‫كيلو‬ ‫على‬ ‫لتساومه‬ ‫استكشافية‬ ‫بعثة‬ ‫إليه‬ ‫فأرسل‬ ,‫الذهب‬ ‫من‬ ‫أكواما‬ ‫له‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ملكهم‬ ‫يديهم‬ ‫وبين‬ ‫فقراء‬ ‫إل‬ ‫تجد‬ ‫لم‬ ‫البعثة‬ ‫لكن‬ ,‫به‬ ‫يحتفظ‬ ‫ذهب‬ ‫مقابل‬ ‫يحملونها‬ ‫بضاعة‬ ‫توضع‬ ‫اللفافة‬ ‫طرفي‬ ‫أحد‬ ‫وعلى‬ ,‫جمرات‬ ‫بها‬ ‫نار‬ ‫وبجوارهم‬ ‫غامضة‬ ‫بنية‬ ‫لفافات‬ ‫الشهيق‬ ‫يحدث‬ ‫ومنه‬ ,‫النف‬ ‫فتحتي‬ ‫إحدى‬ ‫في‬ ‫فموضوع‬ ‫الخر‬ ‫الطرف‬ ‫أما‬ ,‫الجمرة‬ ‫اللفافة‬ ‫من‬ ‫الكوبي‬ ‫يستنشق‬ ‫أن‬ ‫وبعد‬ !‫دخان‬ ‫من‬ ‫حلقات‬ ‫هيئة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الزفير‬ ‫ويخرج‬ ‫المنصوبة‬ ‫الدائرة‬ ‫أفراد‬ ‫على‬ ‫اللفافة‬ ‫تدور‬ ‫وهكذا‬ ‫يليه‬ ‫لمن‬ ‫يسلمها‬ ‫اثلاثا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫مرتين‬...
  • 45. ‫التبغ‬ ‫اكتشاف‬ ‫تاريخ‬‫التبغ‬ ‫اكتشاف‬ ‫تاريخ‬ •‫يقارب‬ ‫ما‬ ‫منذ‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫عرف‬ ‫لقد‬500‫كريستوفر‬ ‫اكتشف‬ ‫عندما‬ ،‫فقط‬ ‫عام‬ ‫كولومبس‬ ‫عام‬ ‫في‬ ‫المريكية‬ ‫القارة‬1492‫منذ‬ ‫المكسيك‬ ‫في‬ ‫قبلها‬ ‫معروفا‬ ‫وكان‬ ،‫م‬2500 ‫تقريبا‬ ‫عاما‬. ••،‫الجلدية‬ ‫المراض‬ ‫وبعض‬ ‫الصداع‬ ‫علج‬ ‫في‬ ‫المر‬ ‫بادئ‬ ‫في‬ ‫يستعمل‬ ‫وكان‬ ‫العتقاد‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫خطأ‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫علميا‬ ‫اثبت‬ ‫ولكن‬ •‫أسبانيا‬ ‫ملك‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫فيلب‬ ‫الملك‬ ‫أرسله‬ ،‫أسباني‬ ‫طبيب‬ ‫أوروبا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫أدخله‬ ‫من‬ ‫أول‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫نبات‬ ‫ومعه‬ ‫فعاد‬ ،‫للمكسيك‬ ‫استطلعية‬ ‫رحلة‬ ‫في‬. •‫فرنسا‬ ‫ملكة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫النبات‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫أرسل‬ ،(‫نيكوت‬ ‫البرتغال)جان‬ ‫في‬ ‫فرنسا‬ ‫سفير‬ ،‫منه‬ ‫تشكو‬ ‫كانت‬ ‫لصداع‬ ‫من‬ ‫لعلجها‬ ‫إليه‬ ‫نسبة‬ (‫)نيكوتين‬ ‫تسمى‬ ‫النبات‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫في‬ ‫السامة‬ ‫المادة‬ ‫وألصبحت‬.
  • 46. The word “Nicotine” was named after a French ambassador called JeanNicot. The latter used to ship tobacco seeds from the new world to Paris in the 16th century for medical purposes. In 1828, a scientist discovered the seeds contained a poisonous substance and he decided to call it “Nicotine” after Jean Nicot
  • 47. ‫الرابع‬ ‫مراد‬ ‫العثماني‬ ‫السلطان‬‫الرابع‬ ‫مراد‬ ‫العثماني‬ ‫السلطان‬ ‫الهجري‬ ‫العاشر‬ ‫القرن‬ ‫في‬ ‫السلم‬ ‫بلد‬ ‫دخل‬. •‫عام‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫في‬ ‫أدخل‬1012‫هـ‬1585‫وذكر‬ ،‫م‬ ‫حوادث‬ ‫في‬ ‫الجبرتي‬1156‫هـ‬‫الوالي‬ ‫أن‬ ‫في‬ ‫الدخان‬ ‫شرب‬ ‫بمنع‬ ‫أوامر‬ ‫ألصدر‬ ‫العثماني‬ ‫وشدد‬ ‫البيوت‬ ‫وأبواب‬ ‫الدكاكين‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫الشوارع‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫يفعل‬ ‫بمن‬ ‫العقاب‬ ‫في‬. ‫ينبذها‬ ‫دنيئة‬ ‫عادة‬ ‫مبدئه‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫وكان‬ ،‫الناس‬ ‫جمهور‬ ‫في‬ ‫عرف‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫والسلطين‬ ‫الملوك‬ ‫أن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫أسواقه‬ ‫وعطلوا‬ ‫استعماله‬ ‫منعوا‬ ‫عهودهم‬ ‫إنجلترا‬ ‫وملك‬ ‫الرابع‬ ‫مراد‬ ‫العثماني‬ ‫السلطان‬ ‫ملك‬ ‫الصفوي‬ ‫عباس‬ ‫والشاه‬ ‫الول‬ ‫جيمس‬ ‫وحكم‬ ‫بعضهم‬ ‫تطرف‬ ‫بل‬ ،‫وغيرهم‬ ‫إيران‬ ‫متعاطيه‬ ‫على‬ ‫بالعدام‬
  • 48. •: -‫سنة‬ ‫في‬1601‫مصر‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫دخل‬ ‫م‬ ‫سنة‬ ‫في‬ ‫واستيراده‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫القبال‬ ‫وزاد‬ 1737‫م‬. -‫سنة‬ ‫في‬1799‫في‬ ‫الفيوم‬ ‫سكان‬ ‫بدء‬ ‫م‬ ‫الناس‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫أقبل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫زراعة‬ ‫مصر‬. -‫سنة‬ ‫في‬1810‫باشا‬ ‫علي‬ ‫محمد‬ ‫احتكر‬ ‫م‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫في‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫زراعة‬‫القتصادي‬ ‫لعائده‬ ‫نظرا‬ ‫الكبير‬. ‫زراعة‬ ‫نطاق‬ ‫توسيع‬ ‫علي‬ ‫الباشا‬ ‫عمل‬ ‫وقد‬ ‫حيث‬ ،‫الجنوب‬ ‫باتجاه‬ ‫الخاص‬ ‫محصوله‬ ‫من‬ ‫اعتبارا‬ ‫وذلك‬ ،‫ملءمة‬ ‫أكثر‬ ‫المناخ‬1829‫م‬ ‫في‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫وعم‬ ‫المدخنون‬ ‫فكثر‬ ‫مصر‬ ‫أنحاء‬ ‫جميع‬.
  • 49. ‫أفضل‬ ‫من‬ ‫الدخان‬ ‫محصول‬ ‫وكان‬ ‫للفل ح‬ ‫مردودا‬ ‫المصرية‬ ‫المحالصيل‬ ‫زراعته‬ «‫»كرومر‬ ‫يمنع‬ ‫أن‬ ‫قبل‬ ،‫وللخزانة‬ ‫في‬ ‫نهائيا‬1890‫م‬‫إنجلترا‬ ‫رغبة‬ ‫حسب‬ ‫استيراد‬ ‫توفيق‬ ‫الخديوي‬ ‫من‬ ‫طلبت‬ ‫التى‬ ‫جمارك‬ ‫رسوم‬ ‫وفرض‬ ‫تركيا‬ ‫من‬ ‫الدخان‬ ‫إنجلترا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫حصيلتها‬ ‫وتحويل‬ ‫الدخنة‬ ‫على‬ ‫الوقت‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫فى‬ ‫المصرية‬ ‫الديون‬ ‫لسداد‬ 
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  • 50. The development of a major cigarette industry in Egypt in the late nineteenth century One reason for the development of the industry was the imposition of a state tobacco monopoly in the Ottoman Empire, a measure designed to increase Ottoman government revenue. This resulted in the movement of many Ottoman tobacco merchants, usually ethnic Greeks, to Egypt, a country which was culturally similar to the Ottoman Empire but outside the tobacco monopoly as a result of its occupation by Great Britain.
  • 51. The founder of the industry was Nestor Gianaclis, a Greek who arrived in Egypt in 1864 and in 1871 established a factory in the Khairy Pasha palace in Cairo which, after Gianaclis moved to larger premises in 1907, became the home first of Cairo University and then of the American University in Cairo. Gianaclis and other Greek industrialists such as Ioannis Kyriazis of Kyriazi frères successfully produced and exported cigarettes using imported Turkish tobacco to meet the growing world demand for cigarettes in the closing decades of the nineteenth century. The development of a major cigarette industry in Egypt in the late nineteenth century
  • 52. Cleopatra Cigarettes produced in Egypt by Eastern Company are
  • 53. For many years, cigarette production and distribution in Egypt was monopolized by the government-owned Eastern Tobacco Company (ETC(. In recent years, as Egypt has moved from a ,centralized to a market-oriented economy, the government has sold off part of its stake in ETC; however, it still retains a majority ownership share
  • 54. Shisha is less hazardous than cigarette is a misconception
  • 55. In Egypt, use of shisha is the second most common type of tobacco consumed. In the Region, the use of shisha is an old tradition that goes back centuries. In the past, shisha smoking was generally limited to older males, usually of low socioeconomic level, in rural areas and in the older parts of cities. However, since the early 1990s there has been an increase in shisha use in cities and among new groups such as females, young people and those from high socioeconomic levels
  • 56. ‫التبغ‬ ‫وباء‬ ‫ضحايا‬‫التبغ‬ ‫وباء‬ ‫ضحايا‬
  • 57. Smoking Prevalence in EgyptSmoking Prevalence in Egypt
  • 58. ‫التدخين‬ ‫مكافحة‬ ‫قوانين‬‫التدخين‬ ‫مكافحة‬ ‫قوانين‬‫مصر‬ ‫فى‬‫مصر‬ ‫فى‬
  • 59. ‫رقم‬ ‫قانون‬‫رقم‬ ‫قانون‬137137‫لسنة‬‫لسنة‬19811981‫يحظر‬ ‫والذي‬ ‫م‬‫يحظر‬ ‫والذي‬ ‫م‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدخين‬‫العمل‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدخين‬ •‫ماده‬)39(‫العمل‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫أوفي‬ ‫العمل‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫التدخين‬‫التدخين‬ ‫كان‬ ‫اذا‬‫ل‬‫يترتب‬ ‫خطورة‬ ‫عليه‬‫يخصم‬‫أيام‬ ‫خمسه‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫ثلثه‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫يومين‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫يوم‬ ‫مره‬ ‫أول‬. •) ‫ماده‬40(‫العمل‬ ‫أثناء‬ ‫التدخين‬.‫العمل‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫أوفى‬ •‫ي‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫كان‬ ‫اذا‬‫خطوره‬ ‫سبب‬‫أول‬ ‫المنشأة‬ ‫على‬‫بالفصل‬ ‫أنذار‬ ‫مرة‬‫وثانى‬‫مرة‬ ‫الثلثيه‬ ‫اللجنه‬ ‫على‬ ‫العرض‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫يفصل‬ .
  • 60. ‫قانون‬‫قانون‬5252‫لسنة‬‫لسنة‬19811981‫بالقانون‬ ‫وتعديلته‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬‫بالقانون‬ ‫وتعديلته‬ ‫و‬ ‫م‬ 8585‫لسنة‬‫لسنة‬20022002‫م‬‫م‬ •‫على‬ ‫ينص‬ ‫والذي‬‫السجائر‬ ‫بيع‬ ‫حظر‬‫منتجات‬ ‫ومختلف‬‫عن‬ ‫عمره‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫لمن‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫عام‬ ‫عشرة‬ ‫ثمانية‬‫وكتابة‬‫تحذير‬‫السجائر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫منتجات‬ ‫من‬ ‫عبوة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫على‬ ”‫الوفاة‬ ‫ويسبب‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫يدمر‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫أحترس‬"‫الترويج‬ ‫أو‬ ‫العلن‬ ‫وبحظر‬ ‫في‬ ‫ذلك‬ ‫كان‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫كلية‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫منتجات‬ ‫ومختلف‬ ‫السجائر‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫أو‬ ‫لشراء‬ ‫المجلت‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الصحف‬‫عنها‬ ‫يصدر‬ ‫ما‬ ‫أو‬
  • 61. ‫رقم‬ ‫قانون‬‫رقم‬ ‫قانون‬44‫لسنة‬‫لسنة‬19941994‫م‬‫م‬ •‫المواصلت‬ ‫ووسائل‬ ‫المغلقة‬ ‫الماكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫يحظر‬ ‫والذي‬ ‫المدير‬ ‫وتغريم‬‫المسئول‬‫المخالفة‬ ‫الماكن‬ ‫عن‬‫بغرامة‬‫عن‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫المدخن‬ ‫ومعاقبة‬ ،‫جنيه‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫عشرين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تزيد‬ ‫ول‬ ‫جنيه‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫خمسين‬ ‫على‬ ‫ولتزيد‬ ‫جنيهات‬ ‫عشره‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫بغرامه‬ ‫بغرامة‬ ‫جنيها‬
  • 62. •‫وزيرالصحة‬ ‫معالي‬ ‫تعليمات‬ ‫علي‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫دوري‬ ‫منشور‬)2004(‫يمنع‬ ‫والمرضي‬ ‫والعاملين‬ ‫البطباء‬ ‫لجميع‬ ‫بالنسبة‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫باتا‬ ‫منعا‬ ‫السكان‬ ‫و‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫لوزارة‬ ‫التابعة‬ ‫المنشئات‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫في‬ ‫والزائرين‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫من‬ ‫خاليه‬ ‫اماكن‬ ‫المنشآت‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫واعتبار‬
  • 63. ‫القانون‬‫القانون‬154154‫لعام‬‫لعام‬20072007 •‫والنساء‬ ‫البطفال‬ ‫حماية‬‫الماكن‬ ‫في‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫بعدم‬‫المغلقة‬‫والمكاتب‬ ‫المنازل‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫بالضافة‬‫ومراكز‬ ‫والجتماعية‬ ‫الرياضية‬ ‫والنوادى‬ ‫والتعليمية‬ ‫الصحية‬ ‫للمنشآت‬ ‫الشباب‬،‫ويلتزم‬‫المسئول‬ ‫المدير‬‫بمنع‬ ‫الكفيلة‬ ‫الجراءات‬ ‫باتخاذ‬ ‫الماكن‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫عن‬ ‫اللتزام‬ ‫بهذا‬ ‫إخلله‬ ‫عن‬ ‫ويعاقب‬ ‫فيها‬ ‫التدخين‬‫بغرامة‬‫ول‬ ‫جنيه‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫ل‬ ‫كما‬ ،‫جنيه‬ ‫ألف‬ ‫عشرين‬ ‫على‬ ‫تزيد‬‫بغرامة‬ ‫المدخن‬ ‫يعاقب‬‫خمسين‬ ‫عن‬ ‫تقل‬ ‫ل‬ .‫جنيه‬ ‫مائة‬ ‫على‬ ‫تزيد‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ا‬ً ‫جنيه‬” • ‫مثل‬ ‫للتدخين‬ ‫جاذبة‬ ‫شعارات‬ ‫أي‬ ‫حظر‬‫خفيفة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫خفيفة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫القطران‬ ‫قليلة‬ ‫ا‬ً ‫جد‬‫التي‬ ‫التحذير‬ ‫السجائر‬ ‫أو‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫منتجات‬ ‫من‬ ‫عبوة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫على‬ ‫يثبت‬ ‫أن‬ ‫يجب‬ ، "‫الوفاة‬ ‫ويسبب‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫يدمر‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫أحترس‬‫التحذير‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يشغل‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ويجب‬ " ‫العبوة‬ ‫واجهتي‬ ‫نصف‬‫إضافة‬ ‫الصحة‬ ‫وزير‬ ‫من‬ ‫بقرار‬ ‫ويجوز‬ ،‫القل‬ ‫على‬ ،‫أخرى‬ ‫تحذيرات‬‫التدخين‬ ‫أضرار‬ ‫تؤكد‬ ‫صور‬ ‫نشر‬ ‫أو‬".
  • 64. •‫عن‬ ‫عمره‬ ‫يقل‬ ‫لمن‬ ‫التبغ‬ ‫منتجات‬ ‫ومختلف‬ ‫السجائر‬ ‫بيع‬ ‫حظر‬18 ‫على‬ ‫المقاهي‬ ‫وتعتمد‬ ‫بل‬ ،‫الشيشة‬ ‫على‬ ‫مطبقا‬ ‫للسف‬ ‫ليس‬ ‫سنة‬ ‫لها‬ ‫الساسي‬ ‫المرتاد‬ ‫باعتباره‬ ‫الشباب‬ •‫في‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫حظر‬ ‫رغم‬ ،‫مغلقة‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫الشيشة‬ ‫تدخين‬ ‫أماكن‬ ‫أغلب‬ .‫بها‬ ‫التطبيق‬ ‫عن‬ ‫غائب‬ ‫فالقانون‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫ورغم‬ ‫المغلقة‬ ‫الماكن‬ 
  •  
  • 65. •‫القانون‬ ‫في‬ ‫أساسي‬ ‫شرط‬ ‫هي‬ ‫للتبغ‬ ‫الدولة‬ ‫من‬ ‫المعتمدة‬ ‫المواصفات‬ ‫على‬ ‫رقابة‬ ‫وجود‬ ‫ورغم‬ ،‫للبيع‬ ‫وبطرحها‬ ‫وحيازتها‬ ‫المنتجات‬ ‫لتداول‬ ‫خاضع‬ ‫غير‬ ‫الشيشة‬ ‫تداول‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إل‬ ‫المر‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫يخص‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫السجائر‬ ‫يقنن‬ ‫أن‬ ‫أردنا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫يتغير‬ ‫أن‬ ‫لبد‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫المر‬ ‫وهو‬ ،‫لمواصفات‬ ‫للقانون‬ ‫وفقا‬ ‫الشيشة‬ ‫استخدام‬
  • 66. •‫التحذير‬‫الشيشة‬ ‫ولكن‬ ،‫التبغ‬ ‫علب‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫على‬ ‫يطبق‬ ،‫الصحي‬ ‫علبة‬ ‫كون‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫نظرنا‬ ‫ما‬ ‫إذا‬ ‫خاصة‬ ‫بها‬ ‫خاص‬ ‫تحذير‬ ‫لتطوير‬ ‫تحتاج‬ ‫لماكن‬ ‫المرتاد‬ ‫أو‬ ‫للشيشة‬ ‫المستخدم‬ ‫يراها‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الشيشة‬ ‫تبغ‬ .‫استخدامها‬ •‫عام‬ ‫قانون‬ ‫فرضه‬ ‫الذي‬ ‫الكامل‬ ‫العلن‬ ‫حظر‬2002‫تطبيقه‬ ‫من‬ ‫لبد‬ ‫سواء‬ ‫حد‬ ‫على‬ ‫والسجائر‬ ‫الشيشة‬ ‫على‬
  • 67. ‫التدخين‬‫التدخين‬‫والدين‬‫والدين‬
  • 68. ‫حرام‬ ‫التدخين‬ • •، ‫للنفس‬ ‫قتل‬ ‫وهو‬ ، ‫للسرطان‬ ‫مسبب‬ ، ‫بالصحة‬ ‫مضر‬ ‫ولهنه‬ ، ‫حـــــــرام‬ ‫إهنــــــه‬  : ‫يقول‬ ‫تـعـالى‬ ‫واللــــــــــــه‬ • ( ‫رحيما‬ ‫بكم‬ ‫كان‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إن‬ ‫أهنفسكم‬ ‫تقتلوا‬ ‫ول‬ ) •‫رغما‬ ‫التدخـــــــين‬ ‫في‬ ‫ويشركه‬ ، ‫الـــــمدخن‬ ‫يجالس‬ ‫بمن‬ ‫يضر‬ ‫لهنه‬ ، ‫حرام‬ ‫وهو‬ ( ‫ضرار‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ضرر‬ ‫ل‬ ) : ‫يقول‬ ‫النــــبوي‬ ‫والحديــــــــث‬ ، ‫عنه‬ •‫الدهنيا‬ ‫في‬ ‫ينفع‬ ‫ل‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫المال‬ ‫وإضاعة‬ ، ‫التبذير‬ ‫أو‬ ‫الرسراف‬ ‫باب‬ ‫من‬ ‫لهنه‬ ، ‫حرام‬ ‫وهو‬ . ‫الخرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫ول‬ •‫بالنسل‬ ‫ويضر‬ ، ‫بالنفس‬ ‫ويضر‬ ، ‫بالدين‬ ‫يضر‬ : ‫الخمس‬ ‫بالضرور‬ ‫يضر‬ ‫لهنه‬ ، ‫حرام‬ ‫هو‬ . ‫بالمال‬ ‫ويضر‬ ‫بالعقل‬ ‫ويضر‬ ، •‫محرما‬ ‫عنه‬ ‫والعلن‬ ‫له‬ ‫والترويج‬ ‫محرما‬ ‫وبيعه‬ ، ‫محرما‬ ‫وارستيراده‬ ، ‫محرما‬ ‫كان‬ ‫لهذا‬ . •‫آمين‬ . ‫معصيتك‬ ‫عن‬ ‫وبطاعتك‬ ، ‫حرامك‬ ‫عن‬ ‫بحللك‬ ‫اكفنا‬ ‫اللهم‬ •‫المسلمين‬ ‫علماء‬ ‫اتحاد‬ ‫رئيس‬ •‫القرضاوي‬ ‫يوسف‬
  • 69. ‫الحق‬ ‫جاد‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحق‬ ‫جاد‬ ‫الكبر‬ ‫المام‬‫الحق‬ ‫جاد‬ ‫على‬ ‫الحق‬ ‫جاد‬ ‫الكبر‬ ‫المام‬ ‫رسابقا‬ ‫الهزهر‬ ‫شيخ‬‫رسابقا‬ ‫الهزهر‬ ‫شيخ‬ •‫وطرق‬ ‫أهنواعه‬ ‫اختلفت‬ ‫وإن‬ ،‫الدخان‬ ‫شرب‬ ‫أن‬ ‫جليا‬ ‫واضحا‬ ‫"أصبح‬ ‫هنفسه‬ ‫في‬ ،‫عاجل‬ ‫أو‬ ‫آجل‬ ‫إن‬ ،‫بالغا‬ ‫ضررا‬ ‫بالهنسان‬ ‫يلحق‬ ،‫ارستعماله‬ ‫ممنوعا‬ ‫تعاطيه‬ ‫يكون‬ ‫وبالتالي‬ ،‫متنوعة‬ ‫كثيرة‬ ‫بأمراض‬ ‫ويصيبه‬ ،‫وماله‬ ‫بأي‬ ‫ارستعماله‬ ‫للمسلم‬ ‫يجوهز‬ ‫فل‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫ومن‬ ،‫النصوص‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫بمقتضى‬ ،‫والموال‬ ‫الهنفس‬ ‫على‬ ‫حفاظا‬ ،‫هنوعه‬ ‫كان‬ ‫وأيا‬ ،‫الوجوه‬ ‫من‬ ‫وجه‬ ‫على‬ ‫وإبقاء‬ ،‫حدوثها‬ ‫الطب‬ ‫أوضح‬ ‫التي‬ ‫الضرار‬ ‫اجتناب‬ ‫على‬ ‫وحرصا‬ ‫على‬ ‫بالفائدة‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫الموال‬ ‫بإهنفاق‬ ‫والمجتمعات‬ ‫الرسر‬ ‫كيان‬ ‫واجباته‬ ‫يؤدي‬ ،‫معافى‬ ‫رسليما‬ ‫الحياة‬ ‫على‬ ‫ويعينه‬ ،‫جسده‬ ‫في‬ ‫الهنسان‬ ‫المؤمن‬ ‫من‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫وأحب‬ ‫خير‬ ‫القوي‬ ‫فالمؤمن‬ ‫أرسرته‬ ‫وهنحو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هنحو‬ ‫أعلم‬ ‫وتعالى‬ ‫رسبحاهنه‬ ‫وا‬ ‫الضعيف‬ 
  •  
  • 70. ‫فتواها‬ ‫فى‬ ‫وجاء‬ :‫الشريف‬ ‫بالهزهر‬ ‫الفتوى‬ ‫لجنة‬‫فتواها‬ ‫فى‬ ‫وجاء‬ :‫الشريف‬ ‫بالهزهر‬ ‫الفتوى‬ ‫لجنة‬ ‫الدخان‬ ‫بشأن‬‫الدخان‬ ‫بشأن‬ •‫والختصاص‬ ‫المعرفة‬ ‫أهل‬ ‫من‬ ‫يقينا‬ ‫ثبت‬ ‫الدخان‬ ‫شرب‬ ..." ‫رسرطان‬ ‫من‬ ‫يسببه‬ ‫لما‬ ،‫بالصحة‬ ‫ضرره‬ .‫العالمية‬ ‫الطبية‬ ‫والمؤتمرات‬ ‫ل‬ ‫فيما‬ ‫لهنفاقه‬ ‫بالمال‬ ‫ضار‬ ‫أهنه‬ ‫بالشرايين،كما‬ ‫والضرار‬ ‫والحنجرة‬ ‫الرئة‬ ‫ورسلم‬ ‫عليه‬ ‫ا‬ ‫صلي‬ ‫الررسول‬ ‫هنهى‬ ‫وقد‬ ،‫بالفائدة‬ ‫الهنسان‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫ول‬ ‫ضرر‬ ‫ل‬ " ‫الشريف‬ ‫الحديث‬ ‫ففي‬ ،‫والمال‬ ‫بالصحة‬ ‫يضر‬ ‫ما‬ ‫كل‬ ‫عن‬ ." ‫ضرار‬ ‫وا‬ ،‫فيه‬ ‫والتجار‬ ‫وتصديره‬ ‫وارستيراده‬ ‫الدخان‬ ‫شرب‬ ‫حرمة‬ ‫هنرى‬ ‫لهذا‬ ‫أعلم‬ ‫تعالى‬
  • 71. ‫المذهب‬  ‫وبخاصة‬ ‫المسيحية‬ ‫رأى‬‫المذهب‬  ‫وبخاصة‬ ‫المسيحية‬ ‫رأى‬ ‫الرثوذكسى‬‫الرثوذكسى‬ ‫والمخدرات‬ ‫والخمور‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫فى‬‫والمخدرات‬ ‫والخمور‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫فى‬ ‫الهنبا‬‫مورسى‬‫العام‬ ‫الرسقف‬   •‫أهنها‬ ،‫عامة‬ ‫بصفة‬ ،‫والمخدرات‬ ‫والخمور‬ ‫التدخين‬ ‫فى‬ ‫المسيحية‬ ‫ترى‬ ‫رسريعة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫متورسطة‬ ‫أو‬ ‫بطيئة‬ ‫بطريقة‬  ‫لنفسه‬ ‫الهنسان‬ ‫قتل‬ ‫من‬ ‫هنوع‬ •‫لم‬ ‫ما‬ ‫مقبولة‬ ‫تصير‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الفات‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫متعاطى‬ ‫صلوات‬ ‫أن‬ ‫المسيحية‬ ‫ترى‬ ،‫السبيل‬ ‫هذا‬ ‫فى‬ ‫ل‬ً ‫ف‬ ‫فع‬ ‫يجاهد‬ ‫وأن‬ ،‫عنها‬ ‫الكاملة‬ ‫التوبة‬ ‫صاحبها‬ ‫ينوى‬ ‫أن‬ ‫إلى‬ ،‫ل‬ً ‫ف‬ ‫فع‬ ‫عنها‬ ‫والتخلى‬ ،‫الدينى‬ ‫الشبع‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫واللجوء‬ ،‫الرادة‬ ‫بقوة‬ .‫تماما‬ ‫عنها‬ ‫ينقطع

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